Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI)


Definition of AI

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science focused on creating

systems capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence.

These tasks include reasoning, learning, problem-solving, perception, language

understanding, and decision-making.

Key Definitions:

 John McCarthy (1956): "The science and engineering of making intelligent

machines."

 Elaine Rich: "AI is the study of how to make computers do things at which,

at the moment, humans are better."


History of AI

Timeline Overview:

 1940s-50s (Foundations):

o Alan Turing proposed the concept of a "universal machine" (Turing

Machine).

o 1950: Turing Test introduced in “Computing Machinery and

Intelligence”.

 1956 (Birth of AI):

o Dartmouth Conference – John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel

Rochester, and Claude Shannon formalized AI as a field.

 1960s-70s:

o Early AI programs (e.g., ELIZA, SHRDLU).

o Success in problem solving and symbolic reasoning.

 1980s:

o Rise of expert systems (e.g., MYCIN).

o AI Winter due to unmet expectations and funding cuts.

 1990s-2000s:

o AI integrated into industrial applications.

o Notable milestones: IBM's Deep Blue beats Kasparov (1997).

 2010s-present:

o Rapid advances due to big data, deep learning, and computational 

power.

o Milestones: Siri, AlphaGo, autonomous vehicles, ChatGPT.

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